Last Week Tonight With John Oliver Climate Change

Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Climate Change 1. Why are many people skeptical about climate change, according to John Oliver? People have become unconvinced about climate change due to the fact that people believe it is over exaggerated when talked about, when really it is reality. Being a unconvinced society prevents people from wanting to become more educated and aware of the issue. Some people believe that climate change is not real due to the stupidity of uneducated and opinionated members of our society. 2. How does Oliver propose to remedy this problem? We see in Oliver’s video that he proposes a debate representing a mathematical representative debate to prove that the science and statistics of climate change do not lie and climate change is not just an opinion floating around. Through this debate he proves that the statistics and facts behind climate change should not be a debate over peoples opinions. 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Significance of Cuban Missile Crisis - 1470 Words

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Internship Report Bank free essay sample

United business institutes DEDICATION First I would like to thank and - to have accepted me doing this internship. I am very grateful to my advisors - and for their continuous help, support and time during the entire course of my internship. I am also very grateful to all the staff members at RAWBANK, especially and for their guidance and encouragements. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report summarizes my unique experience as an intern in the best Congolese bank during the month of January. This internship report covers every single detail of my internship: firstly I will give you the description of the application process I went through and then a detailed description of the company, the job, and the departments I worked in, alongside with my learning outcomes. I will then provide you with a conclusion of my experience at Rawbank. During my internship at RAWBANK I had the chance to overlook very interesting services such as electronic banking service, the correspondent banking service, treasury department, the retail credit service, marketing and communication services, back and front office operations, the quality service, the secretariat, but also the cashier VIP and Moneygram. I was able to perform a good performance and to bring enough efforts to overcome the difficulties I was having. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION PROCESS AND SEARCH FOR THE INTERNSHIP PLACEMENT. During my last year at school, I had a hard time finding and securing an internship because I didn’t realize the importance of networking and connections in this globalized world. I wanted to go through the exactly the same process everybody else goes through without external help. It was something new to me because I never worked before or even looked for a job. I was really under pressure because for a while I did not get any answers from the organizations I had applied to. As the deadline was getting closer I had one answer from a company that I wasn’t interested in. I took the opportunity. This year I organized myself earlier than I did for my senior year of high school. Finding an internship can be a very challenging task. I proceeded to search internships through application process available online on companies’ website. I set the bar very high, as I applied to major banks such as citibank and ING. Unfortunately none of thos institutions gave me positive responses. I finally decided to join my parents in Congo and perform my internship in a Congolese bank. As my father is a banker I could not allow myself to get an internship in another bank. Knowing that the school did not want relation between students and companies so I asked the company a letter confirming that there would be no connection between my father and me. I contacted the bank manager, I sent my resume and was accepted for my month internship in January at: Chapter 1: Description of the company RAWBANK HISTORICAL RAWBANK S. A. R. L was established in May under Congolese law with the uthorisation of the Central Bank of Congo and is authorized to carry out commercial banking activities by presidential decree No. 040/2001 of august 2001. RAWBANK is one of the activities of the family group Rawji which started its activities in DRC in 1922. The group controls a group of companies operationg mainly in the DRC, involved in distribution, industry, logistics, proprety, ports and financial services. Previously, in 1989, some of the family members had decided to create a bank, but t he problems that the country had at that time did not permit this and the idea was rejected. Today, strong of a ground expertise acquired since 1922 in the trading and industry in Congo and surrounded since its creation in 2002 by specialists of the banking and finance, Rawbank focus its efforts on the know-how, its knowledge of the congolese economical environment, the quality of welcoming, the operations’ rapidity as well as the search and development of recent banking technology. In order to excel in the spectrum of banking and finance in the Democratic Republic of Congo, RAWBANK uses a strategy that consists of three words: solvency, flexibility and speed. Its with all those efforts that RAWBANK has been considered for the third year as the best bank in Congo. RAWBANK LOCATIONS The head office is located in Kinshasa on the Boulevard of June 30 (main road) at number 3487. RAWBANK is constantly expanding its branch network in the city of Kinshasa, but also throughout the country. At present there are seven branches in Kinshasa, six in Lubumbashi and eleven in other location of the country. * Boma * Matadi * Kisangani * Muanda * Bunia * Goma * Bukavu * Kolwezi * Likasi * Fungurume * Kasumbalesa RAWBANK ORGANISATION Rawbank operations are managed by a banking software called DELTA. This software allows synchronization, security and centralization of all operations of the bank. It is supported by Excel software that allows staff to compile tables of operations and treat them automatically. This is to avoid possible errors and provide details to the management of operations and funds entrusted by clients The internal communication is ensured through the Outlook mail service which allows agents to exchange messages with instructions, but also a site intranet. The inter-agency operations are performed in real-time thanks to the VSAT system that allows each agency to pass the entries of transfers and account the Scriptures of all agencies at headquarters. RAWBANK benefit from the trust of an effective network of correspondent banks throughout the world : USA * Citibank NA, New York * Habib American Bank, New York EUROPE * ING Belgium, Brussels * KBC Bank * BNP Paribas Fortis * Citibank NA, London * Commerzbank, Frankfurt, Germany * Byblos Bank AFRICA Standard bank of south africa, Johannesburg * Absa bank, Johannesburg MIDDLE EAST * Habib Bank AG Zurich, Dubai * Bank of China, Beijing RAWBANK’S MISSION They have built up in depth expertise in commerce and industry in the congo since 1922, supported since the creation of the bank in 2002 by banking and finance specialists. They focus their efforts on those assets which differentiate them and enable them to help their customers achieve success: Business know-how and an understanding of the congolese economy. The level of attention they pay to customers and the speedy service they provide them with research and development in the latest banking technologies. The mission of RAWBANK is to participate to globalization and trade finance of the Democratic Republic of Congo. RAWBANK focuses its business on large importers and exporters soft or hard commodities and is also committed to actively support enterprises in their dealings with foreign countries and to facilitate the financial operations of international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, governmental organizations. RAWBANK’S STRATEGY With the prospect of an upturn in the congolese economy, RAWBANK has become a leading bank in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in terms of solvability, flexibility, speed and also in terms of quality and security. To continuously enhance this level of excellence, RAWBANK provides its customers with a constantly network of branches, teams who have both professional skills that are regularly updated and a high level of knowledge of the latest IT and communications technologies. It applies the financial resources needed to do this, at the same time with its ambitions. By implementing this strategy, RAWBANK intends to be a cohesive entreprise, appreciated as such and strictly managed with both ambition, professionalism and valued by its customers, staff and shareholders alike. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES The offering, buying, management, custody and sale of securities and any financial asset; To carry out all banking transactions, stock exchange, cash financing, commission and all the precious metals gold transactions; Advice and assistance in financial management and all services to facilitate the creation and business development. The representation securities commission, the agent of any natural or legal persons. Perform any action or transaction to the third party Acquisition, construction or lease of any property to its operation and to achieve its purpose or welfare of its staff; Participation through the creation of new companies, underwriting or purchase of securities or rights, merger, lease management decision or otherwise. STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION RAWBANK consists of a booklet of management and business lines although it is a first Board of Directors. The Board of Directors: it is the body within which serve all shareholders. It is headed by a President and is the most important organ of the Bank. Currently, the RAWBANK has five business lines. It is at the head of each business line a member of the steering committee that coordinates the activities assigned. Chapter 2: Job description My internship was supposed to begin on January second, but in Congo when a day-off is on a Sunday it is reported to the following Monday. So I began my work on Tuesday the third. The first day was a lot of pressure, I was a bit stressed about my attire but it turned out my business casual outfit was just fine. The first day I arrived at the bank, I waited in the quiet a while secretariat, someone called the Human Resources Manager, Mr. KABANGU Elly and he asked me to come in his office. Once there, he guided me to another person, Mr. KHOTI who gave me a planning of my internship and ask me what did I want to do. The goal was to be able to spend at least 2 days in each service that we had chosen. Mr. KHOTI then explained me the rules of the company, gave me a badge, some documents about confidentiality that I had to read carefully and sign. When the conversation ended, Mr. KHOTI showed me around and made me feel comfortable. I had a small desk in almost each department I have worked in. My schedule had two possibilities: * 8h00 – 12h30 13h30 – 17h00 * 8h00 – 13h30 14h30 – 17h00 OCCUPATION DURING THE MONTH Week 1 VIP CASH COUNTER The first service I interned in was the VIP box with Mrs. Mamie Lukusa. The VIP cash counter is a private and closed room for customers with transactions over 10,000 USD or for clients considered as VIPs. I made payments, withdrawals as well as buying and selling foreign currencies (Euro, Pound, South African Rand). The cash transactions are done with deltabank program, but it still has an excel spreadsheet that shows us the denomination at any time and the amount available in the trunk. There are two different kinds of checks : †¢ checkdesk †¢ check client * Bar endorsed checks (the last person who acquitee can get that amount by credit account) * Bar non-endorsable check (the last person who acquitee can get that amount in cash) * Bar cheque non-endorsable (Only the person named on the check that can get that amount by credit account) * Bar check non-endorsable non (Only the person named on the check that can get that amount in cash) MONEYGRAM Then I moved to the MoneyGram service, I made shipments and withdrawals of money from the outside but also cash withdrawal on credit card customers with a POS terminal. The maximum cash withdrawals is 2500 usd. MONEYGRAM never stops working, you may be surprised by the number transfers of people sending and Receiving money. FRONT OFFICE At the front office I refer clients to services concerning them, I have advised and I have also distributed their debit and credit card. The front office takes care of licenses that allow customers to import merchandise in Congo. The customer must present himself with four copies of invoice in order to request a license to the back office. The guichet unique is based on a simplified system for the payment of taxes of different stakeholders in a single invoice. The payment method is based on SYDONIA software, which is a system allowing payment of invoices of various stakeholders in only one entry. For imports, the bank pays all bulletins which bring together the various payments in a single transaction. The front office is also responsible for the payment of employees of the Congolese state. THE TREASURY MAD (MISE A DISPOSITION) This service allows RAWBANK clients to send money to who does not have any account in the country. The Inter-Agency MAD It is thus a transfer between two Rawbank agencies, the commission is divided into two parts for the USD amount, the agency sender pays all the commission for the amount in Congolese Francs. The receiver presents itself to the agency with a code. The without-agency MAD There is no Rawbank branch in the locality of the beneficiary, so this one will stand with a RAWBANK partner to get his money. The three main Rawbank partners are : Beltexco * Prodimpex * Soficom (financial messages) Week two RETAIL CREDIT During my time at the credit department I worked mostly in retail credit but RAWBANK offers several kinds of credit : Credit SMEs (small and medium enterprises) Credit Corprorate (large company) Retail (Credit to individuals working within employers who are accredited by RAWBANK) To grant a retail credit, the salary account is considered and the final statement of the applicant. The general conditions of eligibility A current RAWBANK account 25 60 years old 150 usd minimum initial deposit Three months salary domiciliation One month of service in the certified corporate The differents products Credit Express Credit senior (61-64 years) Credit study (fresh family the child must open an account academia) Credit comfort (exceeding the current account of 30 percent) MasterCard credit Credit Easyshop (the bank pays a product store partner instead of the client) The comfort credit and the MasterCard are fixed-term advances. We receive the request for credit -gt; Item Check -gt; Analysis and depreciation -gt; second verification ELECTRONIC BANKING SERVICE The electronic banking service takes care of everything related to the â€Å"plastic money†. I created Debit card VISA and I ordered Mastercards. RAWBANK offers withdrawals with VISA and Mastercard via point of sales (Terminal). They take a commission of four percent (minimum 5USD) of the transaction. When RAWBANK receives the SLIP (Transaction journals) from agencies, they establish a SUMMARY and send it to the CCS (credit Card Service); when the CCS respond positively RAWBANK passes the scripture in DELTABANK in order to credit the supens account of the bank. The SLIP (Transaction journal) : * The TID (the terminal ID) * The four last number of the card * The authorization number * The transaction date * The brut amount OR the gross (including commission) RAWBANK also has a SMS banking system, which is a system that allows their clients to receive alerts on their mobile phone every time their account records a movement (debits or credits). This system allows them to inquiries their account balance as well as the currency exchange rate. Week three MARKETING AND COMMUNICATION During my time in the marketing and communications department I had the chance to spend time with the Graphic designer, with the person who takes care of the internal communication and with the person the external communication and the marketing budget but, I also had the opportunity to participate to a â€Å"marketing Focus group†. Two years ago RAWBANK created a product called â€Å"Lady’s First† which has the perspective to help Congolese women having their own society by offering them training in accounting and business management. The purpose of this focus group is to understand what these women really want to achieve. RAWBANK contacted around forty women belonging to the program Lady’s First and invited them to this focus group. The subject of this one was on the creation of a credit-savings, Congolese women do not often have the opportunity to obtain credit because they have no property to put in caution. RAWBANK proposed them to save money in a saving account during an indefinite period so they can have the possibility of obtaining a credit. We discussed the rates and the number of months they should save before having access to a credit and then we asked them to fill out a form with the same questions to make a study about this new product. QUALITY DEPARTMENT The quality department is concerned with the stewardship of the claims of the customers but also the presentation of the employees, the holding of the bank and its agencies. The quality service sends â€Å"false† customers to identify inattentions or errors of employees. The service run by a single lady also refers to as â€Å"Ms. Quality. â€Å"Ms. Quality† goes around the 21 banches throughout the country to ensure the cleanliness of the different units, she takes pictures of what could potentially damage the image of RAWBANK then returns to the head office and makes reports. Ms. Quality† is also very careful about the employees attire because they represent the bank. Week four During my fourth week I have been to the VIP cash counter, the correspondent banking and the back office. I also had some time to do my internship report and to find informations. At the correspondent banking department I learned how RAWBANK does some transfers. When a client wants to transfer more than 10 000 dollars he has to ask for a licence. At the back office department I learned to do some licences for importations and exportations. Conclusion In conclusion this internship taught me many things about the working life but also about everyday life. I realized that the punctuality, presentation and respect toward others are very important things. I had the opportunity to deepen my understanding in banking. I also realized that the teamwork and harmony among all employees is a paramount thing. I am very grateful to all people of different services, who took time to answer all my questions. This month at RAWBANK confirms me that after my studies of business at UBI I would like to do a Master in ‘banking and finance’. Essayez avec cette orthographe : En conclusion ce stage ma appris beaucoup de choses pour la vie des tous les jours Saisissez du texte, ladresse dun site Web ou importez un document a traduire. Annuler This experience was very rewarding for me, I had the opportunity to move across the services which interested me. I am very thankful and have been honored to work for RAWBANK, giving me this unique and great opportunity. I hope you enjoyed reading this updated report as much as I did rewriting it. -

The Psychedelic Effects Of D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) Were

The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late 60s, LSD became popular as a recreational drug. While it has been suggested that recreational use of the drug has dropped, a recent report on CNN claimed that 4.4% of 8th graders have tried it. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known. Small doses of LSD (1/2 - 2 ug/kg body weight) result in a number of system wide effects that could be classified into somatic, psychological, cognitive, and perceptual categories. These effects can last between 5 and 14 hours. Table 1: Effects of LSD 1, 2, 3 Somatic Psychological Cognitive Perceptual mydriasis hallucinations disturbed thought processes increased stimulus from environment hyperglycemia depersonalization difficulty expressing thoughts changes in shape/color hyperthermia reliving of repressed memories impairment of reasoning synaesthesia (running together of sensory modalities) piloerection mood swings (related to set and setting) impairment of memory - esp. integration of short -> long term disturbed perception of time vomiting euphoria lachrymation megalomania hypotension schizophrenic-like state respiratory effects are stimulated at low doses and depressed at higher doses reduced "defenses", subject to "power of suggestion" brachycardia The study of hallucinogens such as LSD is fundamental to the neurosciences. Science thrives on mystery and contradiction; indeed without these it stagnates. The pronounced effects that hallucinogens have throughout the nervous system have served as potent demonstrations of d ifficult to explain behavior. The attempts to unravel the mechanisms of hallucinogens are closely tied to basic research in the physiology of neuroreceptors, neurotransmitters, neural structures, and their relation to behavior. This paper will first examine the relationship between neural activity and behavior. It will then discuss some of the neural populations and neurotransmitters that are believed to by effected by LSD. The paper will conclude with a more detailed discussion of possible ways that LSD can effect the neurotransmitter receptors which are probably ultimately responsible for its LSD. A Brief Foray Into Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences Modern physics is divided by two descriptions of the universe: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Many physicists have faith that at some point a "Grand Unified Theory" will be developed which will provide a unified description of the universe from subatomic particles to the movement of the planets. Like in physics, th e cognitive sciences can describe the brain at different levels of abstraction. For example, neurobiologists study brain function at the level of neurons while psychologists look for the laws describing behavior and cognitive mechanisms. Also like in physics, many in these fields believe that it is possible that one day we will be able to understand complicated behaviors in terms of neuronal mechanisms. Others believe that this unification isn't possible even in theory because there is some metaphysical quality to consciousness that transcends neural firing patterns. Even if consciousness can't be described by a "Grand Unified Theory" of the cognitive sciences, it is apparent that many of our cognitive mechanisms and behaviors can. While research on the level of neurons and psychological mechanisms is fairly well developed, the area in between these is rather murky. Some progress has been made however. Cognitive scientists have been able to associate mechanisms with areas of the bra in and have also been able to describe the effects on these systems by various neurotransmitters. For example, disruption of hippocampal activity has been found to result in a deficiency in consolidating short term to long term memory. Cognitive disorders such as Parkinson's disease can be traced to problems in dopaminergic pathways. Serotonin has been implicated in the etiology of various CNS disorders including depression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, schizophrenia, and nausea. It is also known to effect the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems as well as cognitive abilities such as learning and memory. The lack of knowledge in the middle ground between neurobiology and psychology makes a

A Complete Guide on Writing a Business Studies Research Paper 5 Secrets Behind It

A Complete Guide on Writing a Business Studies Research Paper 5 Secrets Behind It The research of business affairs is not as simple as it can seem for a professor with a business degree, who has written many research papers on Business Studies. Research is vital to the business major. Every student, who needs to write a business studies research paper, should remember that it differs from a common piece of writing. A research paper is a special type of writing that demands some considerable practical skills, serious practice and systematic approach. Is there really a secret of success in writing a great business research paper? This business studies research paper guide is your helping hand in writing your business studies research paper. It is devoted to helping students identify a research topic, the main components of a research paper and effective strategies for writing. Use our help efficiently to make sure that academic success is waiting for in the near future. Choose Good Business Research Topics to Write on Like many academic papers, the aim of a research paper is to perform a detailed examination of a specific research question/issue. Business studies research papers cover a broad range of subjects, such as Accounting, Business Administration, Law or Ethics, and many other fields in which many interesting topics are found. A topic, which an instructor thinks fit, may be assigned to a student, but most often instructors enable students to select a topic of interest. According to the education research by the United Nations, the flexibility in learning leads to deeper student motivation and engagement. As a result, it plays a central role in making education in the 21st century successful. However, the task to choose a good topic on Business Studies alone can be a challenge for many students. One of those who struggle with selecting a topic on your own? Don’t worry! If a good idea for business topics doesnt go to you, you must go to it, for example, on our website. We can offer you the opportunity to find the perfect topic for a research paper on Business Studies. In fact, you should choose a research topic with a great amount of detail, plus a topic you will feel comfortable writing on. Only in these cases, it is easier to complete a research paper. We’re ready to provide you with the list of business research topics with concrete details you can include in your research paper. Besides, the suggested topics are from various business disciplines you can study within Business Studies. Accounting Accounting Cycle: How to Measure and Report Financial Information about an Enterprise? An Effective Accounting Policy on the Basis of the Financial Reporting of a Company Advertising Online Advertising: The Reality of Self-Regulation; An Advertisings Effect on the Brand Credibility: X Attitudes Towards to an Ad Authenticity; The Advertising Revolution: Is a Delicate Balance of Art and Science, Creativity, and Analytics Created? Business Administration 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Forming a Company into a Corporation; X Tough Administrative Management Challenges: A Proper Coordination; An Organizational Strategic Analysis on Start-ups: X Recommendations for Its Growth. International Business Trade War: What Companies Risk Losing Dominance Today? Global Supply Chain Management’s Aims in the Context of International Companies Know the Structure of a Business Research Paper Every academic paper has a structure. Most instructors give the assignment requirements on how a research paper should be structured. For that reason, you should examine the paper instructions carefully to follow during the writing process. In general, your research paper on Business Studies should have an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. At this point the business studies research paper tip sounds like: review each section in detail what data you need to include. Introduction. Provide the background for the research paper on a particular topic. Every detail that is needed to understand a topic should be included. For example, there are many key terms in E-Commerce that you need to explain in your research paper if it is your area of interest. Don’t leave your readers in the dark. If you deal with the topic ‘The Advertising Revolution’, give some historical information on it. Besides, you should work on your thesis statement as a transition to the body paragraphs. Literature review. Sometimes, the information in a particular subject area should be presented within a certain time period. As Business Studies is a relatively ‘young’ discipline, this time period is limited by the late 20th and the 21st centuries. But there are about 13,000 business schools in the world that contribute to some extensive research in this field. So, you have enough texts to mention in your literature review. However, you need to take a step-by-step approach towards writing a literature review on Business Studies. Methodology. Explain how you conduct research on Business Studies to investigate an issue, to find out something new in the area under discussion. All inventions are meant to be possible for an update in the future provided that you are able to explain all the approaches and methods used in the research paper properly. Even if you don’t intend to come up with some innovations, you need to summarize some findings after researching a particular topic. Try to use the most effective business research methods. Results. You write a research paper on Business Studies with different aims to analyze, compare or contrast, explain, etc. Depending on the objectives of the study, there are some results of your study. For example, in organizational strategic analysis, you need to come up with the results concerning the current position of business matters. Discussion. After you have the research results, you’re ready to discuss them in a separate section. The most important point in this part is to explain what you found in relation to the thesis statement (the main idea of your research paper). There should be a compelling logic of your interpretations. Conclusion. It is a part where you relate your findings to other potential research and to the world at large. You should summarize briefly the main points of your research paper, then give some recommendations for further researches. Our Writers Advise: Have an Outline Created Before Writing a Research Paper Having an outline is the best way of dealing with largely written assignments, to which a research paper is included as well. The flow of thoughts can be endless that makes the writing process challenging for most. Keep it simple when an outline is in front of you. All your data collected from information sources can be properly organized. The research paper structure is previously mentioned. So, there shouldn’t be any difficulties in creating a good outline for a business research paper. You don’t need to work on the entire paper at the same time. With your paper outline, you can choose where you begin and end. The most effective order of sections writing is as follows: Know Where to Look for Information Due to a variety of information sources, it is easy to get confused with the information gathered. Some data is reliable, some needs proof such as an authors’ qualification in the field, the evidence and its applicability, up-to-dateness and so on. The University Libraries has the info about the reliability of sources available today. Keep in mind that using Wikipedia is still unproven idea to provide well-reasoned arguments or discussion, etc. based on the strong pieces of evidence. Some sources that can be useful for your research paper on Business Studies include the following: Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business Research; International Chamber of Commerce; Journal of Business Research. Know How to Revise a Research Paper Without the final touches on your writing, you can lose some marks as the slightest mistakes spoil the overall impression of your academic work. What errors occurring to a research paper can disappoint your instructor? If you want to have a well-written business research paper, it is better to consider its quality before submitting it to your instructor. Answer the question objectively, ‘Is my business studies research paper worth of an A+ grade?’ If you doubt, pass through a checklist while revising your paper. You should determine: Have I done everything according to the requirements? Usually, it happens that too little attention is drawn to the assignment requirements. As a result, not high marks are given. You have probably the last minute to review your instructions to make sure that you stick to them properly. Does my business research paper have an appropriate structure? In this case, we can keep calm because if you read this guide attentively, you have all the essentials of a proper structure for a business research paper. Now, it is your turn to make sure whether you manage to follow it while writing. Is it easy to read my business research paper? If no, avoid vague words and sentence structures that may make your readers confused. A word-level clarity plays a crucial role in perception of the whole paper. So, wordiness and clichà ©s aren’t your ‘best friends’! A matter of word choice can occur the cases when you misuse a word. Among commonly confused words, you’ll find ‘accept’/‘except’ or ‘effect’/‘affect’. You can watch the video to avoid the common spelling mistakes and word misuse. Have I made clear transitions between paragraphs? Without the logical sequence of paragraphs, you can lose the readers’ attention. What makes the sequence of paragraph logical? Logical transition words, like ‘On the one hand’ and ‘On the other hand’, ‘Additionally’, ‘However’, etc. Make sure you have them in your text. Have I used an appropriate academic tone in my writing? The usage of the 3rd person enables you to show that your writing is quite objective to be considered as an academic writing. Moreover, consider the use of tenses. In most cases, you need to use present tenses. Avoid contractions in academic writing as well. Have I cited quotes, and ideas from sources appropriately? Keep an eye out for formatting your research paper, be it an APA or MLA. Once you see a style pattern, you can develop techniques for formatting the future academic text. In the meantime, keep the style tutorials or an experienced editor handy. You see that business research paper writing is quite challenging it MUST be a well-researched, detail-oriented, well-structured paper. This guide gives you 5 secrets of successful research paper writing. Indeed, there is one more secret that can be valuable for everyone who appreciates the time and own efforts. It is a service of our professional writing staff. Believe it or not, many students ask for help with research paper writing from our skilled writers. Be one of those who succeeds in academic writing and if necessary our writing tutors will help you.

Definition of Chunking in Language Acquisition

Definition of Chunking in Language Acquisition In studies of language acquisition, the term chunk refers to several words that are customarily used together in a fixed expression, such as in my opinion, to make a long story short, How are you? or Know what I mean?  Also known as  language chunk, lexical chunk, praxon, formulated speech, formulaic phrase, formulaic speech, lexical bundle, lexical phrase, and collocation. Chunk and chunking were introduced as cognitive terms by psychologist George A. Miller in his paper The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information (1956). See Examples and Observations  below. Also, see: Lexical ApproachBinomialClichà ©Ã‚  and PlatitudeCompound NounIdiomLanguage AcquisitionListemePet PhrasePhrasePhrasal VerbSnowclone Examples and Observations Here is one that got away, and lived to tell the tale.(Red Riding: In the Year of Our Lord 1983, 2009)Oh, by the way, hows the Florence Henderson look working for you?(Matthew Morrison as Will Schuester, The Power of Madonna. Glee, 2010)Once upon a time, there was a lovely princess. But she had an enchantment upon her of a fearful sort, which could only be broken by loves first kiss.(Shrek, 2001)The only thing Junior Singleton reads cover to cover is a matchbook.(The Red Green Show, 1991)It may be that across the immensity of space the Martians have watched the fate of these pioneers of theirs and learned their lesson, and that on the planet Venus they have found a securer settlement. Be that as it may, for many years yet there will certainly be no relaxation of the eager scrutiny of the Martian disk, and those fiery darts of the sky, the shooting stars, will bring with them as they fall an unavoidable apprehension.(H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, 1898)Do you know the phrase water shed moment, buddy?I nodded. You didnt have to be an English teacher to know that one; you didnt even have to be literate. It was one of those annoying linguistic shortcuts that show up on cable TV news shows, day in and day out. Others include connect the dots and at this point in time. The most annoying of all (I have inveighed against it to my clearly bored students time and time and time again) is the totally meaningless some people say, or many people believe.(Stephen King, 11/22/63. Scribner, 2011) Uses of Prefabricated Chunks- It seems that in the initial stages of first language acquisition and natural second language acquisition we acquire unanalysed chunks, but that these gradually get broken down into smaller components . . .The prefabricated chunks are utilised in fluent output, which, as many researchers from different traditions have noted, largely depends on automatic processing of stored units. According to Erman and Warrens (2000) count, about half of running text is covered by such recurrent units.(J. M. Sinclair and A. Mauranen, Linear Unit Grammar: Integrating Speech and Writing. John Benjamins, 2006)- If I find an especially felicitous way of expressing an idea, I may store up that turn of phrase so that the next time I need it it will come forth as a prefabricated chunk, even though to my hearer it may not be distinguishable from newly generated speech. This . . . kind of expression, then, not only is completely analyzable by the grammar of the language but as a result of its transparency has a dual status for the speaker: It can be handled either as a single unit or as a complex construction with internal structure (e.g., words can be inserted into or deleted from the phrase, or the grammatical structure can be changed as needed).(Ann M. Peters, The Units of Language Acquisition. Cambridge University  Press, 1983) Formulaic Phrases vs. Literal Expressions[T]he formulaic phrase has unique properties: it is cohesive and unitary in structure (sometimes with aberrant grammatical form), often nonliteral or deviant in meaning properties, and usually contains a nuanced meaning that transcends the sum of its (lexical) parts. The canonical form of the expression (formuleme) is known to native speakers. This is to say that a formulaic expression functions differently in form, meaning, and use from a matched, literal, novel, or propositional expression (Lounsbury, 1963). It broke the ice, for example, as a formula, differs regarding meaning representation, exploitation of lexical items, status in language memory, and range of possible usages, when compared to the exact same sequence of words as a novel expression.(Diana Van Lancker Sidtis, Formulaic and Novel Language in a Dual Process Model of Language Competence. Formulaic Language, Vol. 2., ed. by Roberta Corrigan et al. John Benjamins, 2009)Criticism of the Lexical-Chunk ApproachMichael Swan, a British writer on language pedagogy, has emerged as a prominent critic of the lexical-chunk approach. Though he acknowledges, as he told me in an e-mail, that high-priority chunks need to be taught, he worries that the new toy effect can mean that formulaic expressions get more attention than they deserve, and other aspects of languageordinary vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and skillsget sidelined.Swan also finds it unrealistic to expect that teaching chunks will produce nativelike proficiency in language learners. Native English speakers have tens or hundreds of thousandsestimates varyof these formulae at their command, he says. A student could learn 10 a day for years and still not approach native-speaker competence.(Ben Zimmer, On Language: Chunking. The New York Times Magazine, Sep. 19, 2010)

Multinational Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multinational Corporations - Essay Example Multinational Corporations have now become an integral part of the international society. Whether these multinational giants are beneficial or damaging to the society as such is a question which is debatable. There are opinions for and against the multinationals depending upon one’ perspective and social position in this world. We shall discuss the impact of multinational corporations in detail and present views for and against them in the following paragraphs. One major factor to be considered when one talks about multinationals is that most of them are from the developed countries like the USA, Japan, UK, France and Germany (International Labour Organization {ILO} website). Other countries are almost non participants or have just started making their presence felt as exemplified by the Daewoo Corporation of Korea and Venezuela (oil company), according to ILO. No doubt that multinationals have been in existence from the very beginning ever since companies and corporations came into being and looked beyond their horizons for business. The British Empire which ruled most parts of the world in the last two centuries is an example of a multinational temperament and presence. The multinationals do cover up some of the essential requirements of the human race and strive to fulfil every need but at the same time they tend to obliterate any small enterprise which attempts to launch similar products or services.

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets Essay

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets - Essay Example The industry that has been selected for fulfilling the objective of this study report is that of the universities in the UK. The report will be composite of the selected university analysis so that the relevance of the selected study can be established. The most essential sector of the report will be composite of evaluating the various approaches being followed in the UK universities for the effective utilisation of the concept of innovation, creativity and enterprise. The report, at the end, will draw up essential conclusion regarding the key issues being identified from the entire survey with respect to the concepts. 2. Industry Analysis The industry consisting of the various universities in the UK offers the most valuable services to the people not only within the local region but also to the people all around the world. The UK universities are open to students coming from all around the world with the required skills and potentials demanded by the universities. The industry playe rs or the number of universities in the UK are all concentrated on providing quality education to the students with proper assurance and dignity. The universities conduct routine analysis of the various courses that they offer so as to making sure that the form of education that they offer are up-to-date and essential for the betterment of the students. The UK is considered to be holding the most capacity to attract international students among the western countries of the world. Although seven European countries have been identified to be placing stiff competition to the UK’s position, the extremely competitive advantageous position of the UK with respect to providing education to the international students have assisted this country to remain at the topmost position. Autonomy, funding, staffing of international students and assistance of the funding council are the four most advantages of the universities in the UK (Becker & Et. Al., 2009). However, in the future, the compe tition within the UK universities will increase since the recession has put a triggering blow upon the people striving for application for achieving degree from the UK universities. During September 2009, 465,000 people had applied for the acquisition of degree (Curtis, 2009). 3. UK Universities- Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise Innovation, creativity and enterprise are the traits that the European countries like that of the UK aim to foster among the people. The universities have been evaluated to be the best source through which these traits can be injected into the students or the prospective future entrepreneurs. The UK universities follow a number of principles, practices and processes for creating the entrepreneurial mindsets among the students. In this section of the report, the analysis of those principles, processes and practices will be undertaken so as to evaluate their effectiveness. The various noteworthy universities in the UK have adopted the process of innovativ e learning through creative thinking in order to develop upon the characteristics of an entrepreneur among their students. The practices undertaken within the universities are composed of various policies and guidelines for carrying out innovation management and enterprise skill development among others. The practices handle the several societal, economical, entrepreneurial and managerial

Holdens Passive and Unwillingness Essay Example for Free

Holdens Passive and Unwillingness Essay Holden is the protagonist in the novel, Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger (1945). Holden is a character who tries to seek for dignity, but he has some flaws holding him back. Holden is passive and unwilling to examine himself and seek his own dignity. Three reasons for his tragic flaw are: his craziness, his immaturity, and his phoniness and madman stuff. The first reason for Holden’s flaw is his craziness. He acts this way because he is not normal like others. Something that he repeats constantly throughout the novel is, â€Å"He is the biggest phony.† This quote shows how Holden thinks and acts towards others. Holden acts this way because who falls in love too quickly with Jane and Sally. He also thinks this way because Jane and Sally equal perfection and he isn’t perfect like them or anybody else. Finally his thoughts are what can he do to be perfect like everyone else because he seems to be the only that is crazy. Therefore, Holden acts and thinks differently from everyone else because he is insane. The second reason for Holden’s flaw is his immaturity. He acts this way because Holden is always alone and have no family to support him except his younger sister, Phoebe. Something that is repeated constantly throughout the novel is, â€Å"Jane keeping her kings in the back row.† This symbol shows that Holden cannot separate the past from the present time. Holden thinks this way because he was always necking with Jane when they were young. He also thinks this way because of his immaturity of always wanting to have sex and always wanting to be a kid instead of growing up to is an adult. Finally his thoughts always want to be with Jane, but because of his immaturity Jane doesn’t choose him. Therefore, Holden acts immature towards others because he has been expelled from four different schools and no one is there to teach him his manners and to discipline him. The third reason for Holden’s flaw is his phoniness and his madman stuff. He acts this way because he doesn’t want to get help. Something that Holden repeats constantly in the novel is, â€Å"I’m a madman.† This quote shows that he has some personal issues going on with him, but he doesn’t want to get help. He thinks this way because his other lover, Jane is going out with others, but not him because he is a jealous person. He also thinks like this because it shows his low-self esteem and his view towards women. Finally his thoughts are I’m a madman because he is inexperienced with women. Therefore, Holden is a madman because of his jealousy toward women and never did have a real relationship with any women before. In conclusion, Holden is passive and unwilling to examine himself and seek his own dignity. Three reasons for his tragic flaws are that he is crazy, he is immature, and his phoniness and his madman things. Holden acts crazy because he is not normal like others and isn’t perfect at everything. He acts immature because no one is there to teach him his manners and no one is there to also teach him his respect and manners. Holden also acts like a madman because he is jealous of Jane and Sally. He also acts like this because he doesn’t like the private schools that he goes to. Therefore, I think that Holden needs to go get some serious help to become a good and a better person.

Anaylsis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essay -- To His Coy

This poem has been written in the form of a request to the poet's coy (or shy) mistress, the grant his desire for them to make love. He argues that for to delay makes no sense because 'at my back I always hear/time's winged chariot hurrying along near'. Much of his argument is made through a series of hyperbole (h-p rb-l) A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. Here he is describing how slow they could move to consummate their love if there were no pressure of time. As all Cavalier poets, he supports the statement of "carpe diem", or "seize the day", that is an extension to the Renaissance code of chivalry. Today, the speaker's speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress (the speaker doesn't explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant, for example). The mistress would like to postpone sex (theoretically until she and the speaker are married). The speaker wants to consummate their physical relationship now. The poem's speaker is attempting to persuade "His Coy Mistress" to have sex with him. The speaker seems frustrated, impatient, and to feel a sense of urgency in pursuing this goal. Although the rhyme scheme of the poem follows a simple couplet pattern (AA, BB, and so on), two couplets use slant or irregular rhyme, not simply to vary the monotonous pattern but to reinforce the poem's theme. Lines 23 and 24 use the approximate rhyme "lie/eternity"; lines 27 and 28 repeat this irregularity: try/virginity." The poet uses pauses and enjambment (running one line into the next without a pause) to break up the neat pattern that the couplet rhyme scheme ... ...ense of urgency and dread if the man does not get what he wants. Form: couplets 5. Ganges (gnjz) A river of northern India and Bangladesh rising in the Himalayan Mountains 7. Humber: Hull, where Marvell lived as a boy, and which he represented as an M.P. for nearly twenty years from 1659, is on the river Humber. 10. The conversion of the Jews was to take place just before the end of the world. 11. vegetable love: that of his "vegetable'' soul. 29. quaint: elegant, artificial. 34. dew. The original reading is "glew,'' which has been justified as meaning "glow.'' 36. instant: immediate and urgent. 38. amorous (mr-s) 1.Strongly attracted or disposed to love, especially sexual love. 2.Indicative of love or sexual desire: an amorous glance. 3.Of or associated with love: an amorous poem 40. slow-chapp'd: i.e., with slow-devouring jaws.

Being at Cadet College

Respected —– Worthy teachers and my dear friends AOA Today I have been given an opportunity to express my feelings being here in a cadet college. I would start with the few words by one of the cadet like us. He says: â€Å"At 90-years-old, you will still remember the experiences, the camaraderie, and the friendships that develop with perfect clarity. The knowledge gained about yourself, as well as about this career, is immeasurable. † I feel the same. Cadets is a program that has changed my life and opened up various doors for me.The way I react in situations has changed because of cadets. Cadets isn't just a program that keeps you busy a few nights during the week. It gives you opportunities to travel, meet new people, to become a better leader and most importantly a better version of yourself. My favorite part of Cadets is the people I've met along the way. Through national competitions, and other activities, I have met some of the most amazing people. These pe ople have made a huge impact on my life.Despite the fact that I may not see some of them anymore, the impression they left will always be there. I thank the cadet program for making all of that possible. The essentials of religion taught in the class room, religious education in the classroom supplemented by prayers in the College Mosque, observance of fast in the month of Ramadan and holding of functions on days of religious significance helps us to practice religion in the best way. Moreover, the Morning Assembly begins with the recitation of Verses from the Holy Quran followed by their explanation.To get up 4 in the morning, physical training, and taking classes from 8 to 1, preps, afternoon games, regular drill, mess nights †¦. (aur bhi agar kuch huwa). and finally lights out at 10. This seemed to be so tough in the beginning. I used to think that I won’t be able to survive and did not consider it important to get up early and go to bed on time. But now that I have s urvived, I admit that this is the best life a student or a person can lead. Within a month or two I realized a great change in my physical health. This tough, well disciplined life has helped me get sound mind and body.And I am looking forward and excited about the activities in future like horse riding and swimming. Every day is a new experience, new lesson, new adventure. I can never forget the lesson that Discipline, bravery, honesty and modesty are the four foundation pillars for all of us who will be passing out from this institute. I make sure to keep up these pillars not thorough the years in this college but throughout the life. I have so many people to thank for where I am today, because I believe every experience and every person influences who you become.But first of all, Allah Almighty and then I'd like to thank my parents who got me into Cadets. To this day, I don't think they know how much they have actually done for me. I'd like to thank all the hard working staff at our Cadet College for making sure that we all got the opportunities we deserved. Most of all I would like —— (any other person) And finally, I'd like to thank you all for having me here to speak with you today. You were a great audience and I wish you all the best. (Thank you or good afternoon. )

Karl Marx Essay

Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by  who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. In sociology the word culture means the totality of learned, socially transmitted knowledge. It can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting and material objects that together shape a persons way of life. Material culture refers to physical culture artifacts, i.e. things that you can touch, cars, handbags and clothes. Non-material culture refers to artifact that exists in a culture, e.g. norms, values, religion rules,  moral language and knowledge. In sociology this is referred to several processes that a culture uses to shape its member’s members thoughts, feeling and behaviors. Abortion is considered part of non-material culture because it is an artifact that exists in cultures its something that can’t be touch. Many religions view abortion as a sin due to the fact that abortion is the termination of an early pregnancy by various methods; religions view it as the killing of a life. Others just view it as moral issues despise the legality of abortion. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus from the uterus. It can occur in two ways purposely which is the term abortion refers to or it can occur unexpectedly, which is considered a miscarriage. It is done in two ways medically in a clinic or with pills. Abortion falls into values and religion rules because many people believe it is something that shouldn’t be done because who are we to take a life away, and as I previously stated others view it as murder because a fetus is consider a life from the moment it is conceived. According to Julie Cline in the article â€Å"Teen Abortion† from the Chicago Tribute, the controversy over abortion is incredible still until this day; people against abortion are trying there best to change the fact that abortion is legal. But according to Cline others believes abortion has its benefits. Studies show teen pregnancy has gone up in the last few years and that more than 300,000 teens receive abortions, that is equal to 1/3 of the abortions performed yearly. This article states abortion should stay legal because it keeps unwanted children from coming into this world and teens from ruining their futures.

Acronym vs. Initialism

Acronym vs. Initialism Acronym vs. Initialism Acronym vs. Initialism By Maeve Maddox Every so often I’m taken to task for referring to an unpronounceable string of letters as an acronym instead of an initialism. I’m sure there must be contexts in which the distinction is important, but I’ve never felt the need to distinguish between acronyms and initialisms in writing for a general audience. For one thing, the word initialism in its modern sense is even newer than the word acronym. There is no entry for initialism in either of my pre-digital dictionaries: Websters New Collegiate Dictionary (1960). The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (1971). The presumably more up-to-date Word spell checker puts a red line under the word initialism as I type this article. Note: The word initialism illustrated by OED citations dated 1899 and 1928 was not being used in the modern sense of initials used to identify an entity like the FBI. It refers to the once-popular practice of signing a published work with initials in order to conceal the identity of the author. Most readers probably know that an acronym is an invented word made up of the initial letters or syllables of other words, like NASA or NATO. Fewer probably know that an initialism is a type of acronym that cannot be pronounced as a word, but must be read letter-by-letter, like FBI or UCLA. German had the word Akronym as early as 1921, meaning â€Å"a new word made up of initials.† Americans adopted the word with the English spelling acronym in the 1940s. These dated citations from the OED show that from 1940 to the 21st century, what some speakers now prefer to call initialisms have been called acronyms since the word was adopted into English: 1947 The acronym DDTtrips pleasantly on the tongue and is already a household byword. 1975 The puns on the acronym, ‘CIA’, were spawned by recent disclosures about the intelligence agency. 1985 Called by the acronym SCSD (Schools Construction System Development). 2008 The acronym TSS- Tout Sauf Sarkozy (‘Anything But Sarkozy’). If it is important to you to distinguish between acronyms (NATO, NASA) and initialisms (FBI, TGIF) then by all means, do so. But if you are speaking to or writing for a general audience, it’s not an error to generalize all words and labels created from initials or parts of words under the broad term acronym. Related post: Initialisms and Acronyms Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict26 Feel-Good WordsHow Do You Determine Whether to Use Who or Whom?

Battle of Blenheim in the War of Spanish Succession

Battle of Blenheim in the War of Spanish Succession Battle of Blenheim - Conflict Date: The Battle of Blenheim was fought August 13, 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Commanders Armies: Grand Alliance John Churchill, Duke of MarlboroughPrince Eugà ¨ne of Savoy52,000 men, 60 guns France Bavaria Duc de TallardMaximilian II EmanuelFerdinand de Marsin56,000 men, 90 guns Battle of Blenheim - Background: In 1704, King Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Empire out of the War of Spanish Succession by capturing its capital, Vienna. Eager to keep the Empire in the Grand Alliance (England, Habsburg Empire, Dutch Republic, Portugal, Spain, the Duchy of Savoy), the Duke of Marlborough made plans to intercept the French and Bavarian forces before they could reach Vienna. Executing a brilliant campaign of disinformation and movement, Marlborough was able to shift his army from the Low Countries to the Danube in only five weeks, placing himself between the enemy and the Imperial capital. Reinforced by Prince Eugà ¨ne of Savoy, Marlborough encountered the combined French and Bavarian army of Marshall Tallard along the banks of the Danube near the village of Blenheim. Separated from the Allies by a small stream and marsh known as the Nebel, Tallard arrayed his forces in a four mile-long line from the Danube north towards the hills and woods of the Swabian Jura. Anchoring the line were the villages of Lutzingen (left), Oberglau (center), and Blenheim (right). On the Allied side, Marlborough and Eugà ¨ne had decided to attack Tallard on August 13. Battle of Blenheim - Marlborough Attacks: Assigning Prince Eugà ¨ne to take Lutzingen, Marlborough ordered Lord John Cutts to attack Blenheim at 1:00 PM. Cutts repeatedly assaulted the village, but was unable to secure it. Though the attacks were not successful, they caused the French commander, Clà ©rambault, to panic and order the reserves into the village. This mistake robbed Tallard of his reserve force and negated the slight numerical advantage he possessed over Marlborough. Seeing this error, Marlborough altered his orders to Cutts, instructing him to simply contain the French in the village. At the opposite end of the line, Prince Eugà ¨ne was having little success against the Bavarian forces defending Lutzingen, despite having launched multiple assaults. With Tallards forces pinned down on the flanks, Marlborough pushed forward an attack on the French center. After heavy initial fighting, Marlborough was able to defeat Tallards cavalry and routed the remaining French infantry. With no reserves, Tallards line broke and his troops began fleeing towards Hà ¶chstdt. They were joined in their flight by the Bavarians from Lutzingen. Trapped in Blenheim, Clà ©rambaults men continued the fight until 9:00 PM when over 10,000 of them surrendered. As the French fled southwest, a group of Hessian troops managed to capture Marshall Tallard, who was to spend the next seven years in captivity in England. Battle of Blenheim - Aftermath Impact: In the fighting at Blenheim, the Allies lost 4,542 killed and 7,942 wounded, while the French and Bavarians suffered approximately 20,000 killed and wounded as well as 14,190 captured. The Duke of Marlboroughs victory at Blenheim ended the French threat to Vienna and removed the aura of invincibility that surrounded the armies of Louis XIV. The battle was a turning point in the War of Spanish Succession, ultimately leading to the Grand Alliances victory and an end of French hegemony over Europe.

College Book Report on Miracle At Philadelphia Essay

College Book Report on Miracle At Philadelphia - Essay Example One of the latest full-service entries in the history survey sweepstakes, American Passages is a beautiful text that is well-designed. It is written in an engaging style. The volumes have a friendly tone that is warm without being suffocating. Most students and faculty should find them appealing. The massive amount of carefully chosen illustrations of various kinds are nicely reproduced. The maps are also good, with some exceptions. Each paper volume has the same set of appendices, including the Declaration of Independence; the Constitution; the nations population, 1790-1998; the admission of states to the Union; presidential elections and administrations; and the justices of the Supreme Court. The volumes split in an unusual way, which is an improvement on the traditional arrangement, especially for Reconstruction specialists. There are two overlap chapters rather than one, and the second volume begins in mid-war, with early Union occupations and the first stirrings of release, rath er than in 1865, reflecting an interpretative trend pioneered by Eric Foner. This novel approach owes much to the breadth and vision of lead author Edward L. Ayers, whose interest in and knowledge of Southern history and Civil War culture is well known. Volume one takes the story to 1877, ending with chapter sixteen, while volume two begins with chapter fifteen, "Blood and Freedom, 1863-1867." Two maps start each volume: the first shows the states and their capitals, with important places in the text highlighted; the second is topographical. Each section (two to four chapters) of the narrative has time lines with key dates for politics and diplomacy; social and cultural events; and economics and technology I first read this book several years ago for my high school American History class, and I just recently read it again. This book is excellent no matter

Quantitative Analysis for Business....Data Collection Essay

Quantitative Analysis for Business....Data Collection - Essay Example With quantitative research, the data collection process works with a stated hypothesis that works with a stated theory. In the case of BIMS, data collection is acquired from patients exposed to different medications and other measures. The various methods that fall under the quantitative include experiments, observation, using management systems to acquire information and conducting surveys (University of Pheonix, n.d.). The major merits associated with these methodologies are that they produce relevant results, as detailed results are obtained from the experiments. The researchers work with real time experiences hence are able to record details that may be used as constrains. The main disadvantage of quantitative is that they are time consuming as massive data entry takes place in the continuity of the process. The method is also prone to error as many data entry of the information is done by individuals, who might key in incorrect information. Quantitative methods of collecting data are expensive, as the researchers might require incentives to lure potential information givers. Also, travelling from one location to another includes miscellaneous expenses (University of Pheonix,

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Research Paper Example Introduction Vodafone Group Plc is the world’s leading mobile network operator which has deep roots in ‘Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the United States (Vodafone). The British multinational mobile network operator has subsidiaries over 25 countries. According to the reports, it has developed a network of approximately 341 million customers by March 31, 2010. The company has great interests in India and Australia as these countries hold a potential market for the growth of mobile network operators. The statistical data show that Vodafone serves 106.34 million customers in India, which constitute one third of their total customers. The Vodafone Group started its operations in India in 1994 through its Indian subsidiary Vodafone Essar. Vodafone Hutchison Australia is the Australian subsidiary of Vodafone group and they actively started operations in Australia in 1993. Vodafone claims that they have a wide network of 4.031 million customers across Austral ia (Facts & Figures). Company outline The mission statement of the company reads like this; â€Å"We will be the communications leader in an increasingly connected world† (Vodafone). The company gives great emphasis on product strategy. After selecting a particular segment for the product launching, the company designs a big project for influencing the customers of the targeted area. The Vodafone largely employs media advertisements by which they try to communicate unique benefits of the brands with the public. The wide range of advertisements help people to assess various services offered by the Vodafone and thereby they can differentiate the company’s products from that of its competitors. Likewise, the Vodafone group keeps some distinctive features in their distribution strategy also. The Vodafone Group has recently announced their plan to reorganize the activities of six service providers into another three new businesses. This reorganization intends to specificall y concentrate on various market sectors such as corporate customers, small businesses, and the consumer. These different groups would have different needs and it would be possible to meet their varied needs efficiently only if the company has concentrated on specific sectors. Vodafone’s theory in pricing process is that it should be ‘affordable to all’; but at the same time they do not compromise with product quality. Global business environment The rapid technological developments in telecommunication field have encouraged the entrance of large number of new service providers into the market. Although Vodafone is one of the world’s leading companies, it faces intense competition in India and Australia. In India, there are too many competitive service operators such as BSNL, Reliance, and Airtel. However, the Vodafone Group could establish their position in Indian telecommunication market through the application of a wide variety of promotional techniques. Similarly, an extreme competitive environment exists in Australia also in the field of mobile network service providers. The business graph of Vodafone Australia indicates its fascinating growth during the last couple of years. In order to overcome the complexity of cut-throat competition, the Vodafone practices the method of target marketing. They maintain separate team of researchers in order to valuate the potentials and threats of a selected

Leadership At Berkshire Hathaway And General Electric Commerce Essay

Leadership At Berkshire Hathaway And General Electric Commerce Essay Since, the researchers interest was the effects of diversification on two American Conglomerates (Berkshire Hathaway and General Electric). First, its important to look at why the researcher has chosen these two companies. Both companies have a wide range and diversity of product portfolios which are of particular interest. Following earlier research (Natter, Mild, Feurstein, Dorffner, Taudes, 2001; Krishnan Ulrich, 2001) the paper intends to narrow down area of focus to Berkshire Hathaway Inc and general Electric. Both companies are going against the trend of diversification, starting from the last decade the trend has been becoming less popular, but both corporations are still diversifying their business lines. Berkshire Hathaway currently has 80 businesses and one of the reasons for the companys success might be strong management, the CEO, Warren Buffett is a core resource for Berkshire Hathaway, he is known for buying excellent businesses at a price that make business sense. On the other hand, with so many businesses, diversification strategies might help companies in spreading market risks: adding products to the exiting lines of business can be viewed as analogous to an investor who invests in multiple stocks to spread the risks. Diversification into other lines of business can especially make sense when the core product market is uncertain, which is the case for Berkshire Hathaway and General Electric. 4.2. 2 Reasons for their success (Berkshire Hathaway and General Electric) In order to achieve higher performance, GE generates great results from the people and process. This combination unlocks GEs business breadth, revealing new paths to growth. The company has 2 councils that are responsible for achieving such high performance: The Commercial Council that drives the Companys growth initiative: Growth as a Process. This initiative has yielded record-setting organic revenue growth for the last three years (Annual report, 2008). They also have Leadership, Innovation and Growth team training program, all are meant to achieve the long-term profitability and success of the Conglomerate and to develop communications expertise to create new ideas and foster existing ones. Also there is the Operating Council which was formed in 2007, which consisted of leaders from engineering, supply chain, sourcing, finance, and product management. The goal of the council was clear: create a $1 billion funnel of ideas, and improve the Companys operating profit margin rate by 100 basis points to a world-class level of 18% (Annual report, 2008). Also, The Council is focused on lowering product costs, reducing overhead, countering inflation, turning inventory, and improving price. It is a forum to share best practices on topics such as productivity, simplification, sourcing, restructuring, quality, and new products -all critical disciplines in an increasingly competitive and global environment. The Council uses a common scorecard to measure progress across the company and spreads its success to all businesses. In addition, General Electric has been a leading source of corporate strategy concepts and innovations for more than half a century. The firm has been among the top five members of fortune magazines Americas Most Admired corporations since the listing began. Considering the research question in this project which is the reasons for the success of two American conglomerates through diversification strategy and their achievements, the researcher refers diversification as a growth strategy and both 9Berkshire Hathaway and General electric) are known for their wide range of businesses and their growth through acquisitions. Makron Associated identified several conglomerates with exceptional performance in terms of ten-year shareholder returns. Berkshire Hathaway and General electric were part of these identified firms. The common characteristics of these companies were: strict financial discipline, rigorous analysis and valuation, a refusal to overpay for acquisitions and a willingness to close or sell existing businesses (Kaye and Yuwono, 2003) However, the case against conglomerates can be overstated and there are certainly potential advantages to unrelated diversification in some conditions: Exploiting dominant logics, rather than concrete operational relationships, can be a source of conglomerate value creation. As at Berkshire Hathaway, a skilled investor such as Warren Buffett, the so-called Oracle of Omaha and one of the richest men in the world, may be able to add value to diverse businesses within his dominant logic (Prahalad and Betis, 1986, 1995). Berkshire Hathaway includes businesses in different areas of manufacturing, insurance, distribution and retailing, but Buffet focuses on mature businesses that he can understand and whose managers he can trust. During the e-business boom of the late 1990s, Buffet deliberately avoided buying high-technology businesses because he knew they were outside his dominant logic. Countries with underdeveloped markets can be fertile ground for conglomerates. Where external capital and labor markets do not yet work well, conglomerates offer a substitute mechanism for allocating and developing capital or managerial talent within their own organizational boundaries. For example, Korean conglomerates (the chaebol) were successful in the rapid growth phase of the Korean economy partly because they were able to mobilize investment and develop managers in a way that standalone companies in South Korea traditionally were unable to. Also, the strong cultural cohesion amongst managers in these chaebol reduced the coordination and monitoring costs that would be necessary in a Western conglomerate, where managers would be trusted less (Markides, 2002). The same may be true today in other fast-growing economies that still have underdeveloped capital and labor markets. General electric has operations in many underdeveloped countries, For example, in 2008; GE completed the Hamma Seawater Desalination Plant, the largest desalination plant in northern Africa, which provides 2 million Algerian residents with a reliable source of fresh drinking water every day. Through innovatory thinking and cutting-edge technologies from GEs Oil Gas and Power Water businesses, GE is able to solve some of the problems that Algeria faces under todays harsh climate, while helping to position them for a brighter tomorrow. Also, graduate students in US compete to get entry-level positions with diversified corporation such General electric and Berkshire Hathaway and this provides them opportunities like the hiring of high calibre of employees. Other General Electric Success reason is the corporations strong core values: which are the underlying principles that guide an organizations strategy. Collins and Porras (2002) have argued that the long- run success of many US corporates-such as General Electric and Disney can be attributed (at least in part) to strong core values. The company workers consider their culture as part of innovation, a culture that was built over decades by their leaders and which is still the unifying force for the many GE business units around the world. While, communicating the strategy is an important within a company: Both corporation communications should be focused on the key components of the strategy, avoiding unnecessary detail or complex language. For example, CEO jack Welchs famous statement that General electric should either be number one or number two in all its markets. This strategy clearly shows that General Electric is a company that always strives hard to be a dominant player wherever the company competed. On the other hand, some of the most important sources of value creation within diversified firms are the ability to apply common general management capabilities, strategic management systems, and resource allocations processes to different businesses. Such economies depend on the existence of strategic rather than Operational commonalities among the different businesses within the diversified corporation (Robins and wiersema, 2002). Berkshire Hathaway is involved in insurance, candy stores, furniture, kitchen knives, jewellery, and footwear. Despite this diversity, all these businesses have been selected on the basis of their ability to benefit from the unique style of management established by warren buffet and CEO Charles Munger. The essence of such strategic-level linkage is the ability to apply similar strategies, resource allocation procedures and control systems across the different businesses within the corporate portfolio (Grant, 1988). While, GE participates in a wide variety of markets including the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity (e.g. nuclear, gas and solar), lighting, industrial automation, medical imaging equipment, motors, railway locomotives, aircraft jet engines, and aviation services. It co-owns NBC Universal with Vivendi (Annual Report, 2008). With all these many business divisions General electric remains still successful. 4.2.3 How the shareholders value is enhanced as the firms product diversifies. With so many ups and downs of corporate diversification, financial researchers have been worried with its benefits and costs. Majority of the benefits of corporate diversification come all along with the advantages of internal capital markets over external financing. By avoiding transaction cost and additional cost of informational asymmetries diversified firms with a bigger internal capital market allow for a more efficient capital allocation (Chandler 1977, Stein 1997). Also there are other benefits such as risk reduction on corporate level for diversified firms: lower cash flow volatility may increase the debt capacity of the company and thereby the tax shield of debt without facing prohibitive cost of financial distress (Lewellen 1971). Additionally lower volatility helps to reduce underinvestment cost when external financing is not available or only at prohibitive cost (e.g. Stulz 1990). In addition, Berkshire Hathaway and general Electric are companies that create Value by acquiring companies at favorable prices, and they closely monitor their financial performance, and operate through an effective internal capital market. At general Electric, Jack Welch was an especially effective example of corporate initiatives as a means of driving organizational change. His initiatives were built around communicable and compelling slogans such as General Electric growth engine, boundarylessness; six-sigma quality and destroy -your business-dot-com. The research assumes that diversification is a means by which a firm expands from its core business into other product markets, and that is what the corporate management is actively engaged in, diversifying activities than ever before leading to a considerable amount of rise observed in diversified firms. As it was earlier stated, companies diversify for three main reasons, Growth, Risk reduction and Profitability in a simpler way. Normally, Growth and Risk reduction have been significant motives for diversification; they tend to be not consistent with the creation of shareholder value. Therefore, both general electric and Berkshire Hathaway had and still have the desire to grow. Berkshire has been acquiring and owning stakes in companies since early 70s. We clearly see from the companys timeline that the Berkshire continued growing through acquiring stakes in many companies. The latest acquisition was in February 2010 which was the Corporations purchase of the remaining shares of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation for $26 billion, the companys biggest purchase ever. While General Electric has acquired Vital signs Inc for $860 in 2008 (Chicago Tribune, 2008) and it also announce in 2009 that it will buy out Vivendis stake in NBC Universal and sell a controlling interest of the company to Comcast, with General Electric retaining a 49 interest in joint venture (Goldman and Pepitone, 2009). With the Acquisitions history, Both Corporations have been growing and expanding their business with the objective of Maximizing Shareholder wealth. Referring back to the next motive for diversification which is the desire to spread risks To isolate the effects of diversification on risk, consider the case of pure or conglomerate diversification, where separate businesses are brought under common ownership but the individual cash flows of the business remain unaffected. As long as the cash flow of the different businesses are imperfectly correlated, then the variance of the cash flow of the combined businesses is less than the average of that of the separate businesses, Hence Diversification reduces risk. Both of the companies have engaged in numerous activities for decade, they have expanded their businesses. Rumelt (1974) discovered that companies that diversified into businesses closely related to their core activities were significantly more profitable than those that pursued unrelated diversification. According to Peters and Waterman (1982) Virtually every academic study has concluded that unchanneled diversification is losing proposition. This observation provided the basis for one of peters and watermans golden rules of excellence -stick to the knitting: Our principle finding is clear and simple. Organizations that do branch out but stick very close to their knitting outperform the others. The most successful are those diversified around a single skill, the coating and Bonding technology at 3M for example. The second group in descending order, comprise those companies that branch out into related fields, the leap from electric power generation turbines to jet engines from General electric. Least successful, as a general rule, are those companies that diversify into wide variety of fields. Acquisitions especially among this group tend to be wither on the vine (Peters and waterman, 1982). Finally, the research paper postulates that shareholder value is increased when companies diversified in related businesses, since they share capabilities and core resources across the businesses. And the growth of such (GE and Berkshire Hathaway) conglomerates might improve the companys profitability, since new related businesses means spreading of risks and increasing of profitability across each business segments. 4.2.4 The costs and benefits associated with undertaking product diversification. In order to find out the costs and benefits of product diversification, the research paper looks at: the relative costs and benefits of corporate diversification are likely to depend on how the different business activities of a firm are related to one another. Where separate business activities use a common, indivisible input, a diversified firm can exploit economies of scope. However, One of the benefits of diversification focuses on the presence of economies of scope in common resources: Economies of scope exist whenever there are cost savings from using a resource in multiple activities carried out in combination rather than carrying out those activities independently (Baumol, panzer and willig, 1982). Also Economies of scope can arise in finance, by combing an industrial company with a financial services company; General electric lowers its cost of capital to both sides of the company. Also, Economies of scope arise not just from tangible input like a common R D department or a common distribution system but also from intangible assets like brand names and production know-how. For instance, general electric has the fourth most recognized brand in the world, worth almost $48 billion (Business week, 2009). While businesses within diversified firms can therefore be related in at least one of two ways: They could be related either because they share markets, distribution systems, product and process technologies, or manufacturing facilities (Ansoff 1965, Rumelt 1974, Teece 1980), or because they rely on common technologies, managerial capabilities and routines and repertoires (Prahalad/Bettis 1986, Kazanjian/Drazin 1987, Winter 1987, Grant 1988). The use of these assets may be transferable at negligible marginal costs. For instance, General electric shares of its activities like RD and Distribution channels across its wide range of businesses. Also, the companies engage in lots of transaction costs and its very complicated to manage such businesses but in the end they reap Benefits of high returns from their activities. 4.2.5 The incentives Top management expect as companies diversifies In Berkshire Hathaway, managers are paid modest salaries and also receive very significant cash bonuses if performance goals are achieved. Buffett tailors the compensation plan to each business, based on its economics and competitive positioning. Managers are compensated for elements of the business that are directly under their control (such as growth and profitability of insurance contracts). Major emphasis is placed on the capability to return free cash flow to headquarters. The company does not grant equity-based awards because their value cannot be as closely correlated to performance as can cash bonuses (meaning: In terms of value realized rather than expected value on the grant date). Still, cash bonuses can reach extreme levels-tens of millions for superior performance. So, Here the compensation have no relation with the size of the Company and thus it doesnt matter for Berkshire Hathaway whether they have many diversified business or not but the main focus is Achieving the targets and High performance is highly rewarded However, on the contrary, Buffett and his vice-President Munger receive humble compensation. Their salaries are set at $100,000. They receive no bonuses, options, or restricted grants. Instead, their economic incentive is driven by direct holdings of company stock which they purchased with their own money in the 1960s. As of year-end 2009, the values of those holdings were $40 billion of Buffett and $1.3 billion for Munger. Similarly, board members receive insignificant fees for their services and are encouraged to purchase substantial sums of company stock with their own money. To sum up, Berkshires top management performance has no direct influence to how diversify businesses may be, Instead each manager is rewarded for the excellent achievement of his area of control. On the other hand, General electrics CEO, Mr. Immelt earns higher salary than Warren Buffet. Immelts Base salary is $3,300,000 plus Bonuses. While the managers are rewarded on the basis of a guiding principle of compensation program which ensures that the management has in place the right metrics and incentives, applied over the appropriate performance periods. The company rewards consistent performance and discourage short-term-oriented behaviour that may yield a single period of good results without regard for proper risk management or the long-term health of the business. The committee uses a mix of compensation that balances rewards for current and long-term performance. Performance metrics include growth in earnings per share, revenue, and cash flow. Managers believe this is the best way to stimulate innovation and ensure solid execution, while guaranteeing that risks are recognized and managed appropriately over the long term. Although they have fine-tuned compensation programs as conditions change, the management believe it is important to maintain consistency in the compensation philosophy and approach. There is also a recognition that value-creating performance by an executive or group of executives does not always translate immediately into appreciation in GEs stock price, particularly in periods of severe economic stress. Nonetheless, General Electric continues to reward such performances based on the firms belief that, over time, true value creation does translate into stock price appreciation. 4.2.4 Risks associated with the strategy of diversification Buffett is also primarily responsible for enterprise risk management. Risk oversight is not delegated to a committee or risk management function. According to Buffett, I regard myself as the chief risk officer at Berkshire. ( Berkshire Hathaway, Annual meeting 20080 The companys primary tool to mitigate enterprise risk is the delegation of responsibility to managers with proven skill and integrity. Munger explains : A lot of people think if you just had more process and more compliance, you could create a better result in the world. Well, Berkshire has had practically no process. We had hardly any internal audit until they forced it on us. We just try to operate in a seamless web of deserved trust and be careful whom we trust. (Wesco Financial, annual meeting 2007). Due to the global economic crisis was the failure of many executives and businesses the ability to understand and adequately manage and price risk. At GE, the corporation has strategies and management processes that effectively manage risk and maximize opportunities across its many businesses. Its process includes long-term strategic planning, executive development and evaluation, regulatory and litigation compliance reviews, environmental compliance reviews, GE Capitals corporate risk function and GEs senior level Corporate Risk Committee. And as a result of the current financial crisis; GE expects that managing risk will be even more important to competitive advantage and long-term success. The corporations executive compensation program is designed to reward those executives who demonstrate an ability to assess and manage risk effectively. At the same time as over the past year, General electric leaders have demonstrated the ability to identify risks and adapt strategies in order to protect the Company. GE acted quickly to improve liquidity, raise capital, and transform the financial businesses. The company has also exited businesses with unacceptable rates of risk-adjusted return. Similarly, Berkshire Hathaway believe that it is important to continue to reward those who demonstrate this disciplined ability to protect the firm;s businesses, but its only appropriate that certain components of compensation will decline during periods of economic stress and reduced earnings. Both General Electric and Berkshire Hathaway, have techniques to spread risks and overcome challenges and thus their activities of diversified businesses. As it was explained earlier, Berkshires CEO considers himself as a chief risk officer and while the managers of both corporations have responsibilities in reducing the risks involved in the activities under their control. In addition, both General electric and Berkshire Hathaway fits in the Prospector strategy of Miles and Snow. Since both firms have highly diversified businesses. This is the most aggressive of all the four strategies. It typically involves active programs to expand into new markets and stimulate new opportunities. Innovative product development is vigorously pursued and attacks on competitors are a common way of obtaining additional market share. The both corporations have a way to respond quickly to any signs of market opportunity, and they do so with little research. A large proportion of their revenue comes from new products or new markets. They are often highly leveraged sometimes with a substantial equity position held by venture capitalists. The risk of product failure or market rejection is high with the prospector strategy. Their market domain is constantly in flux as new opportunities arise and past product offerings atrophy. They value being the first in an industry, thinking that their first mover advantage will provide them with premium pricing opportunities and high margins. Price skimming is a common way of recapturing the cost of development. General Electric and Berkshire Hathaway are known for being opportunistic in headhunting key employees, both technical and managerial. Thus this explains why both firms spend so much on advertising, sales promotion, and their personal selling costs are a high percentage of sales. Typically firms who fit in the prospector strategy are structured with each strategic business unit having considerable autonomy. With Berkshire Hathaway trusting responsibility of business performance entirely in the hands of local managers and General Electric decentralising decisions within each business units, Risks might be reduced. And Firms in these industries tend to be in the introduction or growth stage of their life cycle with few competitors and evolving technology which also provides opportunities such as less competition to both companies Products. Example of GE acquired firms includes Vivendi in 2009,(which is a French international media conglomerate with activities ranging from filming, publishing, telecommunication, music, television and it also have Internet, and video games. The acquired firm had financial troubles due to over-expansion in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. In addition, General electric acquire Vital Signs Inc. for US$860 million in 2008 (Appendix 6.2, GE timeline). The acquired firm makes disposable medical products used to help patients during surgery to breath. Berkshire acquired several companies the last 2-3 years, for instance: the company purchased 80 percent stake in Iscar Metalworking for $4 billion in 2006, which was the firms first purchase of a foreign subsidiary. Johns Manville Corp, a business unit of Berkshire Hathaway Inc acquired Corbond Corp, a manufacturer of polyurethane spray foam insulation products in august 2009.